How Much To Set Up A Subway Franchise

American baseball executive

Beak Veeck
Veeck in 1944 as he recuperated from his World State of war 2 injuries.
Principal possessor of the Milwaukee Brewers, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox
Born: (1914-02-09)Feb 9, 1914 Chicago, Illinois
Died: January ii, 1986(1986-01-02) (aged 71) Illinois Masonic Medical Middle, Chicago, U.South.
Career highlights and awards
1948 World Series champion Cleveland Guardians Hall of Fame
Fellow member of the National
Baseball Hall of Fame
Consecration	1991
Election method	Veterans Commission

William Louis Veeck Jr. (; Feb 9, 1914 – January 2, 1986), also known as "Sport Shirt Neb",^[1] was an American Major League Baseball franchise owner and promoter. Veeck was at various times the owner of the Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Browns and Chicago White Sox. Every bit owner and team president of the Indians in 1947, Veeck signed Larry Doby, thus beginning the integration of the American League, and the following year won a World Serial title every bit Cleveland'southward owner/president.

Veeck was the concluding owner to purchase a baseball franchise without an independent fortune, and is responsible for many innovations and contributions to baseball.^[2]

Unable to compete in the new era of salary escalation ignited past arbitration and free agency, Veeck sold his ownership interests after the 1980 Chicago White Sox season. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1991.

Early life [edit]

Bill Veeck was built-in on February nine, 1914, in Chicago, Illinois. While Veeck was growing up in Hinsdale, Illinois, his father, William Veeck Sr., became president of the Chicago Cubs. Veeck Sr. was a local sports writer who wrote numerous columns about how he would run the Cubs differently, and the team'southward possessor, William Wrigley Jr., took him up on the implied offering. While growing up, the younger Veeck worked as a popcorn vendor for the Cubs and likewise as a part-time concession salesman for the crosstown Chicago White Sox. Later, in 1937, he came up with the idea of planting ivy on the walls of Wrigley Field.^[three] Veeck attended Phillips University in Andover, Massachusetts. In 1933, when his father died, Veeck left Kenyon Higher and eventually became social club treasurer for the Cubs. In 1935, he married his first married woman, Eleanor.^[4]

Franchise owner [edit]

Pocket-size League Baseball game [edit]

Milwaukee Brewers [edit]

In 1940, Veeck left Chicago and, in a syndicate with former Cubs star and managing director Charlie Grimm, purchased the American Clan Triple-A Milwaukee Brewers. After winning three pennants in five years Veeck sold his Milwaukee franchise in 1945 for a $275,000 profit.^[5]

Co-ordinate to his autobiography Veeck – Equally in Wreck, Veeck claimed to take installed a screen to make the right field target a little more hard for left-handed pull hitters of the opposing team. The screen was on wheels, so any given day it might exist in identify or not, depending on the batting forcefulness of the opposing team. At that place was no rule confronting that activity as such, but Veeck then took information technology to an extreme, rolling it out when the opponents batted, and pulling it back when the Brewers batted. Veeck reported that the league passed a rule against information technology the very next mean solar day. Yet, extensive research by two members of the Social club for American Baseball Inquiry (SABR) suggests that this story was made up by Veeck. The two researchers could not find any references to a moveable fence or any reference to the gear required for a moveable fence to work.^[6]

While a co-owner of the Brewers, Veeck served for nearly iii years in the The states Marine Corps during World War II in an arms unit. During this time a recoiling arms slice crushed his right leg, requiring amputation first of the pes, and shortly later of the leg higher up the knee. Over the course of his life he had 36 operations on the leg.^[2] He had a series of wooden legs and, as an inveterate smoker, cut holes in them to use as an ashtray.

Major League Baseball game [edit]

Attempted buy of Philadelphia Phillies [edit]

Veeck had been a fan of the Negro leagues since his early on teens. He had besides admired Abe Saperstein'south Harlem Globetrotters basketball game team, which was based in Chicago. Saperstein saved Veeck from financial disaster early on in Milwaukee by giving him the right to promote the Globetrotters in the upper Midwest in the wintertime of 1941–42.

In the autumn of 1942, Veeck met with Gerry Nugent, president of the Philadelphia Phillies, to discuss the possibility of buying the struggling National League team. He later wrote in his memoirs that he intended to buy the Phillies and stock the team's roster with stars from the Negro leagues. Although no formal rules barred African-American players from the majors, none had appeared in organized baseball since the 1890s.

Veeck quickly secured financing to buy the Phillies, and agreed in principle to purchase the team from Nugent. While on his mode to Philadelphia to close on the buy, Veeck decided to warning MLB Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis of his intentions.

Although Veeck knew Landis was an agog segregationist, he did non believe Landis would dare say black players were unwelcome while blacks were fighting in World War II. However, when Veeck arrived in Philadelphia, he was surprised to discover that the National League had taken over the Phillies and was seeking a new owner (the Phillies were ultimately sold to lumber baron William D. Cox).

The authors of a controversial article in the 1998 consequence of SABR's The National Pastime argued that Veeck invented the story of buying the Phillies and filling their roster with Negro leaguers, claiming Philadelphia's black printing made no mention of a prospective sale to Veeck.

Afterward, the commodity was criticized by historian Jules Tygiel, who reviewed it point-past-point in an commodity in the 2006 issue of SABR'southward The Baseball Research Journal,^[7] and in an appendix, entitled "Did Bill Veeck Lie Near His Plan to Purchase the '43 Phillies?", published in Paul Dickson's biography, Beak Veeck: Baseball game's Greatest Maverick.^[8] In the SABR article, Tygiel explained that Veeck and others had mentioned the alleged scheme to buy and stock the Phillies up to fifteen years before the publication of Veeck'due south memoir, but conceded that, "In all of these accounts the simply voice telling the story remains Veeck's."^[9] The Tygiel article as well conceded, "The overall cess of Jordan, et al. - that Veeck'due south notion of buying the Phillies and fielding a team of Negro League stars never quite moved as far from the drawing lath as Veeck claimed - may all the same be true. We still lack any solid evidence that confirms that Veeck had not simply conceptualized this action, but made a firm offer to buy the Phillies and met a rebuff past Landis and Frick."^[10]

Joseph Thomas Moore wrote in his biography of Larry Doby, "Bill Veeck planned to buy the Philadelphia Phillies with the equally yet unannounced intention of breaking that color line."^[11]

Cleveland Indians [edit]

In 1946, having sold his involvement in the Class AAA Milwaukee Brewers, Veeck became the owner of a major league team, the Cleveland Indians. He immediately put all the team's games on radio (previously, only limited games had been circulate). He too moved the team to Cleveland Municipal Stadium permanently in 1947. The squad had split their games between the larger Municipal Stadium and the smaller League Park since the 1930s, but Veeck concluded that League Park was far too small and deteriorated to be feasible.^[12]

In July of that year, he signed Larry Doby, the starting time black player to play in the American League.^[13] Doby's first game was on July 5 and before the game, Doby was introduced to his teammates by player-manager Lou Boudreau. "One by i, Lou introduced me to each player. 'This is Joe Gordon,' and Gordon put his hand out. 'This is Bob Lemon,' and Lemon put his hand out. 'This is Jim Hegan,' and Hegan put his mitt out. All the guys put their hand out, all merely three. Every bit soon equally he could, Bill Veeck got rid of those three", Doby said.^[14] The following yr Veeck signed Satchel Paige to a contract, making the hurler the oldest rookie in major league history.^{[xv] [16]}

To have reward of the big size of Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Veeck had a portable center field fence installed in 1947, which he could move in or out depending on how the altitude favored the Indians confronting their opponents in a given series.^[17] The fence moved as much as 15 feet (5 m) between series opponents. Following the 1947 season, the American League countered with a rule modify that fixed the distance of an outfield wall for the duration of a flavour.

As in Milwaukee, Veeck took a unique approach to promotions, hiring Max Patkin, the "Clown Prince of Baseball", as a charabanc. Patkin's advent in the coaching box delighted fans and infuriated the front function of the American League.^[18] Although Veeck had get extremely pop, an effort in 1947 to trade Boudreau to the St. Louis Browns led to mass protests and petitions supporting Boudreau. Veeck, in response, said he would heed to the fans, and re-signed Boudreau to a new two-year contract.^[19] Veeck claimed later that the trade talks had already broken down before they became public, but he seized the opportunity to promote the concept he had dropped the idea of the merchandise in response to public outcry.

By 1948, led by Boudreau's .355 batting boilerplate, Cleveland won its first pennant and Globe Series since 1920.^[20] Famously, the post-obit flavour Veeck cached the 1948 flag, in one case information technology became mathematically certain the team could not repeat its championship in 1949. After that year, Veeck's start married woman, Eleanor, filed for divorce. Almost of his money was tied up in the Indians, and then he was forced to sell the team to fund the divorce settlement.^[21] One year after, Veeck married his 2nd wife Mary Frances Ackerman in 1950. He had met her the previous year while in Cleveland.^[22]

St. Louis Browns [edit]

Afterward marrying Mary Frances Ackerman, Veeck bought an fourscore% stake in the St. Louis Browns in 1951.^[23] Hoping to forcefulness the NL's St. Louis Cardinals out of town, Veeck hired Key greats Rogers Hornsby and Marty Marion equally managers, and Airheaded Dean as an journalist; and he busy their shared home park, Sportsman'southward Park, exclusively with Browns memorabilia.^[2] Ironically the Cardinals had been the Browns' tenants since 1920, even though they had long since passed the Browns as St. Louis' favorite team.

Some of Veeck'due south most memorable publicity stunts occurred during his tenure with the Browns, including the appearance on August xix, 1951, by Eddie Gaedel, who stood three feet vii inches (1.09 m) alpine and is the shortest person to appear in a Major League Baseball game game. Veeck sent Gaedel to pinch hit in the bottom of the first of the game. Wearing "1/eight" every bit his uniform number, Gaedel was walked on 4 directly pitches and and then was pulled for a compression runner.^[24]

Shortly subsequently "Grandstand Manager's Day" – involving Veeck, Connie Mack, and thousands of regular fans, enabled the crowd to vote on diverse in-game strategic decisions by holding upward placards: the Browns won, v–3, snapping a four-game losing streak.^[25]

After the 1952 season, Veeck suggested that the American League clubs share radio and television acquirement with visiting clubs, a proposal anathema to the powerful Yankees, whose broadcasting revenues dwarfed all the other AL franchises.

Outvoted, he refused to allow the Browns' opponents to broadcast games played against his team on the road. The league responded by eliminating the lucrative Friday night games in St. Louis.

A year later, Cardinals possessor Fred Saigh was bedevilled of tax evasion. Facing certain banishment from baseball game, he was forced to put the Cardinals up for sale. At first, the only credible offers came from out-of-town interests, and it appeared that Veeck would succeed in driving the Cardinals out of town.

However, only as Saigh was nearly to sell the Cardinals to interests who would take moved them to Houston, Texas, he instead accepted a much lower bid from St. Louis-based brewing giant Anheuser-Busch, who entered the picture with the specific intent of keeping the Cardinals in town.^[26] It has long been claimed that Saigh was persuaded to accept Anheuser-Busch's bid more out of borough duty than money. However, co-ordinate to Anheuser-Busch historian William Knoedelseder, Saigh's get-go preference all along was to sell the Cardinals to interests who would keep the team in St. Louis.^[27]

What is beyond dispute is that every bit shortly as Anheuser-Busch closed on its purchase of the Cardinals, Veeck knew he was finished in St. Louis. He quickly realized that with Anheuser-Busch'due south wealth behind them, the Cardinals now had more financial resources than he could fifty-fifty begin to lucifer, specially since he had no other source of income. Reluctantly, he decided to move the Browns elsewhere. As a preliminary pace, he sold Sportsman's Park to the Cardinals.^[28]

At first Veeck considered moving the Browns dorsum to Milwaukee (where they had played their inaugural season in 1901). Milwaukee used recently built Milwaukee County Stadium in an attempt to entice the Browns.

Even so, the decision was in the hands of the Boston Braves, the parent team of the Brewers. Under major league rules of the fourth dimension, the Braves held the major league rights to Milwaukee. The Braves wanted another team with the same talent if the Brewers were shut down, and an understanding was not fabricated in time for the commencement of the 1953 season. Ironically, a few weeks later, the Braves themselves moved to Milwaukee.^[29] St. Louis was known to want the squad to stay, so some in St. Louis campaigned for the removal of Veeck.^[30]

Undaunted, Veeck got in bear upon with a group that was looking to bring a Major League franchise to Baltimore, Maryland. Afterwards the 1953 season, Veeck agreed in principle to sell half his stock to Baltimore attorney Clarence Miles, the front human of the Baltimore group, and his other partners. He would have remained the principal owner, with approximately a forty% involvement. Even though league president Volition Harridge told him approval was certain, only 4 owners—2 curt of the necessary six for passage—supported it. Realizing the other owners merely wanted him out of the picture (indeed, he was facing threats of having his franchise canceled), Veeck agreed to sell his entire pale to Miles' grouping, who then moved the Browns to Baltimore, where they were renamed as the Orioles, which has been their name ever since.^[31]

Chicago White Sox [edit]

Taking advantage of inter-familial friction within the Comiskey family, in 1959, Veeck became head of a grouping that purchased a controlling involvement in the Chicago White Sox. Following Veeck's conquering of the team, the White Sox went on to win their first pennant in xl years.^{[32] [33]} That year the White Sox bankrupt a team omnipresence record for home games with 1.iv 1000000. The next yr the team bankrupt the aforementioned record with i.6 million visitors to Comiskey Park with the add-on of the first "exploding scoreboard" in the major leagues – producing electrical and sound effects, and shooting fireworks whenever the White Sox hit a dwelling run.^[2] The "exploding scoreboard" was carried over to the "new" Comiskey Park (now Guaranteed Rate Field) when information technology opened in 1991.

One year later on in 1960, Veeck and former Detroit Tigers great Hank Greenberg, his partner with the Indians and White Sox, reportedly made a strong bid for the American League expansion franchise in Los Angeles. Greenberg would take been the principal owner, with Veeck as a minority partner.^[34] However Los Angeles Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley was non willing to compete with a team owned by Veeck, fifty-fifty if he would simply be a minority partner. When O'Malley heard of the deal, he invoked his exclusive franchise rights for Southern California. Whatever potential owner of an American League team in the area would take had to have O'Malley's approval, and it was apparent that O'Malley would not allow whatever team to prepare up shop with Veeck equally a major shareholder. Rather than try to persuade his friend to dorsum out, Greenberg abased his bid for what became the Los Angeles Angels.^[34]

In 1961, due to poor health, Veeck sold his share of the White Sox to John and Arthur Allyn for $two.5 million.^[35] Later on selling the White Sox, Veeck worked intermittently every bit a television commentator for ABC.^[36] Veeck then moved to the Eastern Shore of Maryland with his family unit to convalesce.

When his health improved, Veeck made an unsuccessful attempt to purchase the Washington Senators, and so operated the Suffolk Downs race track in Boston in 1969–70. Veeck was not heard from again in baseball ownership circles until 1975, when he repurchased the White Sox from John Allyn (sole owner since 1969).^[2] Veeck'due south return rankled baseball's establishment, well-nigh owners viewing him as a pariah afterwards exposing manufacture politics and maneuvering in his 1961 book Veeck As In Wreck. The owners were likewise unhappy with Veeck'due south all-encompassing unfavorable discussion of the 1964 purchase of the New York Yankees by CBS in 1965's The Hustler's Handbook (a motility Veeck felt exposed MLB to dangerous antitrust liabilities and endangered the antitrust exemption established in a 1922 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Courtroom).

However, he was the but potential buyer willing to go on the White Sox in Chicago afterward an offer was made to buy the team and motility information technology to Seattle, Washington.^{[ citation needed ]} Afterwards an initial vote past AL owners rejected his White Sox bid, Veeck discussed a possible lawsuit; another vote was taken and Veeck was approved by one vote.

Near immediately after reassuming control of the Sox, Veeck unleashed some other publicity stunt. He and full general manager Roland Hemond conducted iv trades in a hotel lobby, in total view of the public; other owners considered this undignified. Two weeks later, however, arbitrator Peter Seitz's ruling struck downwards the reserve clause and ushered in the era of free agency, leading to dramatic increases in player salaries. Ironically Veeck had been the only baseball possessor to testify in support of Short Alluvion during his landmark courtroom case, at which Flood had attempted to gain complimentary agency after existence traded to the Philadelphia Phillies.^[2] Veeck had proposed a gradual transition to a gratuitous-agent organization in which players would gain free agency rights later on a certain amount of service fourth dimension. The owners gambled that Seitz would rule in their favor and maintain the reserve clause; he did not.

On the field, Veeck presented a Bicentennial-themed "Spirit of '76" parade on Opening Day in 1976, casting himself as the peg-legged fifer bringing up the rear.^[2] In the aforementioned twelvemonth he reactivated Minnie Miñoso for eight at-bats, in order to give Miñoso a claim towards playing in four decades; he did and then again in 1980, to aggrandize the claim to five.^[37] He as well unveiled radically altered uniforms for the players, including clamdigger pants and even shorts, which the Sox wore for the offset time against the Kansas City Royals on August 8, 1976.

In an attempt to adapt to gratis bureau he developed a "rent-a-player" model, centering on the conquering of other clubs' stars in their option years. The gambit was moderately successful: in 1977 the White Sox won 90 games, and finished in third place with additions like Oscar Take a chance and Richie Zisk.^[38]

During this last run, Veeck decided to have announcer Harry Caray sing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during the 7th-inning stretch. Veeck asked Caray to sing for the entire park, simply he refused. Veeck replied that he already had a recording, so Caray would be heard either way. Caray reluctantly agreed to sing it alive, accompanied by White Sox organist Nancy Faust, and went on to become famous for singing the melody, continuing to practice so at Wrigley Field after becoming the broadcaster of the Chicago Cubs.^[39]

The 1979 flavor was filled with more promotions. On Apr 10 he offered fans costless admission the day after a x–2 Opening Day defeat by the Toronto Blueish Jays. On July 12, Veeck, with assist from son Mike and radio personality Steve Dahl, held one of his nearly infamous promotions, Disco Sabotage Night, between games of a scheduled doubleheader, which resulted in a riot at Comiskey Park and a forfeit to the visiting Detroit Tigers.^[twoscore]

Life after baseball [edit]

Finding himself no longer able to financially compete in the costless agent era, Veeck sold the White Sox in January 1981. Following the sale, new White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf made several negative references to Veeck's tenure with the team; in response, Veeck publicly transferred his allegiance back to the Chicago Cubs, the team his father had operated in his youth. Veeck retired to his home in Chicago only in summer could often be found in the Wrigley Field bleachers. Veeck also wrote occasional manufactures for magazines and newspapers, commonly opining on the overall state of baseball.

Poor health and decease [edit]

Veeck had been a heavy smoker and drinker until 1980. In 1984, Veeck underwent two operations for lung cancer.^[5] Ii years later on, on the day after New Twelvemonth'southward Day, 1986, he died at the age of 71 from cancer.^[2] He was elected five years later on to the Baseball Hall of Fame.^[41]

When he died at age 71, he was survived past his wife, Mary Frances, and eight of his ix children. 2 of the surviving children, Peter and Ellen, were from his starting time spousal relationship, and the others (Mike, Marya, Greg, Lisa, Julie and Chris) were from his 2nd marriage. He was predeceased by his eldest child, William 3, who died in 1985.^[8] His body was cremated.^[42] Mike Veeck became possessor of the independent minor-league St. Paul Saints and nevertheless is a partner in the team. The younger Veeck and co-owner actor Bill Murray emulated many of Bill Veeck's promotional stunts with the Saints. Greg Veeck earned a Ph.D. at University of Georgia in 1988 and is a geography professor at Western Michigan University focusing on urban geology and East Asia.

Books by Veeck [edit]

Veeck wrote three autobiographical works, each a collaboration with announcer Ed Linn. The first two were reissued in updated editions in the 1980s following Veeck's return to baseball buying. The books include:

• Veeck As In Wreck (1962) – a straightforward autobiography, written after Veeck's and so-failing wellness forced him to sell his interest in the White Sox
• The Hustler'due south Handbook (1965) – a sequel and extension of Wreck, divulging his experiences in operating as an outsider in the major leagues, detailing many episodes of behind-the-scenes drama in baseball, including the 1965 acquisition of the New York Yankees by CBS and the maneuvering involved in the movement of the Milwaukee Braves to Atlanta, and also a recounting of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal through a diary by Harry Grabiner, business organisation manager of the White Sox in 1919 and much later, an associate of Veeck with the Indians in 1948.
• Thirty Tons A Day (1972) – chronicling the time he spent running Suffolk Downs racetrack in the tardily 1960s and early 1970s. The championship refers to the daily quantity of waste (horse excrement, used hay and straw, etc.) that had to be disposed of.

Awards and honors [edit]

• 1948 World Series champion (as owner/president of the Cleveland Indians)
• National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum (Form of 1991)
• The Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals (grade of 1999).^[43]
• In 2022, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award honored Veeck equally one of 37 Baseball Hall of Fame members for his service in the United States Marine Corps during Earth War Ii.^[44]

Come across also [edit]

• List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Acocella, Nick (August xx, 2010). "Baseball's Showman". espn.com . Retrieved Nov 29, 2022.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Acocella, Nick. "Baseball's Showman". espn.com . Retrieved August 1, 2010.
3. ^ Brewster, Mike (October 27, 2004). "Bill Veeck: A Baseball game Mastermind". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
4. ^ Furlong, William (1960). "Master Of The Joyful Illusion". Sports Illustrated. SportsIllustrated.CNN.com: 58–64. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Bill Veeck". baseballlibrary.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
6. ^ Lowry, Phillip (2005). Dark-green Cathedrals . New York Metropolis: Walker & Company. ISBN0-8027-1562-1.
7. ^ Revisiting Bill Veeck and the 1943 Phillies, The National Pastime, 2006 issue, folio 109. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
8. ^ ^{a b} Dickson, Paul (2012). Neb Veeck: Baseball's Greatest Maverick. New York: Walker & Visitor. ISBN978-0-8027-1778-eight.
9. ^ Revisiting Bill Veeck, p. 114
10. ^ Revisiting Bill Veeck, p. 114
11. ^ Moore, Joseph Thomas (1988). Pride Against Prejudice: The Biography of Larry Doby. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. xix. ISBN0275929841.
12. ^ "Cleveland Municipal Stadium". ballparks.com. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
13. ^ "Larry Doby". Negro League Baseball Players Clan. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
14. ^ Anderson, Dave (March 29, 1987). "Has Baseball Forgotten Larry Doby?". The New York Times . Retrieved July xxx, 2022.
15. ^ "Satchel Paige". Negro League Baseball game Players Association. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
16. ^ Roberts, M.B. "Paige never looked back". ESPN.com . Retrieved August 25, 2010.
17. ^ "Bill Veeck". Baseball Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved June nineteen, 2022.
18. ^ Goldstein, Richard (November 1, 1999). "Max Patkin, 79, Clown Prince of Baseball". The New York Times . Retrieved July xxx, 2010.
19. ^ Schneider, pp. 329.
20. ^ "1948 World Serial". mlb.com . Retrieved Baronial 25, 2010.
21. ^ "Nib Veeck". Ohio History Central. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
22. ^ "Ice Capades Press Agent Weds Colorful Bill Veeck". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 1, 1950. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
23. ^ "St. Louis Browns". baseballlibrary.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
24. ^ "Eddie Gaedel". baseballlibrary.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
25. ^ Macgranachan, Brendan (February 27, 2009). "Grandstand Managers Day". seamheads.com. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
26. ^ Goldstein, Richard (Jan 2, 2000). "Fred Saigh, Who Helped Cardinals Stay Put, Dies at 94". The New York Times . Retrieved August 1, 2010.
27. ^ Knoedelseder, William (2012). "iv: The Human Who Saved The Cardinals". Bitter Mash: The Rise and Fall of Anheuser–Busch and America's Kings of Beer. HarperCollins. pp. 57–66. ISBN9780062009272.
28. ^ "Sportsman's Park". ballparks.com. Retrieved Baronial i, 2010.
29. ^ "Milwaukee'south loss is Baltimore'southward proceeds". todayinbaseball.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved August i, 2010.
30. ^ "St. Louis Leaders Gunning for Removal of Bill Veeck". The Milwaukee Sentinel. March 17, 1953. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
31. ^ Omoth, p. 9.
32. ^ "Bill Veeck To Buy White Sox". Ocala Star-Banner. Feb eight, 1959. Retrieved Baronial 28, 2010.
33. ^ "This Calendar month In Baseball History...March", Baseball game Assimilate, p. 99, March 1989, retrieved August 2, 2010
34. ^ ^{a b} Acocella, Nick. "The first "Hammerin' Hank"". espn.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved August two, 2010.
35. ^ "Veeck, Greenberg Sell Interest". Tri City Herald. June ix, 1961. Retrieved Baronial 28, 2010.
36. ^ "Commentator Bill Veeck Lashes 'Rabbit Fever' In Baseball- Again". Petrograd Times. May 23, 1964. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
37. ^ "Minnie Minoso". Baseballlibrary.com. Archived from the original on Oct 19, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
38. ^ Ballantini, Brett (Apr 18, 2007). "Looking Back: The 1977 White Sox". MLB.com . Retrieved August 2, 2010.
39. ^ Drehs, Wayne (July 8, 2008). "Thank Caray, Chicago for popularity of 'Take Me Out to the Ballgame'". ESPN.com . Retrieved August 2, 2010.
40. ^ Behrens, Andy (July 12, 2009). "Disco demolition:Bell-bottoms be gone!". espn.com. Archived from the original on May iv, 2010. Retrieved August two, 2010.
41. ^ "Nib Veeck". baseballhall.org. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
42. ^ Holtzman, Jerome (January 3, 1986). "Baseball's Bill Veeck Dies At 71". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 2, 2010.
43. ^ "Shrine of the Eternals – Inductees". Baseball Reliquary. Retrieved 2022-08-xiv.
44. ^ "WWII HOF Players – Act of Valor Honor".

References [edit]

• Tyler Omoth (2007). Story of the Baltimore Orioles . Mankato, Minnesota: Creative Education. ISBN978-one-58341-480-4.
• Russell Schneider (2004). The Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Champaign, Illinois: Sports Reference LLC. ISBN1-58261-840-2.
• Bill Veeck with Ed Linn (1962). Veeck equally in Wreck: The Autobiography of Bill Veeck. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-85218-0.
• Paul Dickson (2012). Beak Veeck: Baseball's Greatest Bohemian. New York: Walker & Company. ISBN978-0-8027-1778-8.

External links [edit]

• In Praise of Bill Veeck – slideshow by Life magazine

How Much To Set Up A Subway Franchise,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Veeck

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